Study Notes Free Essays

E7-2 (Determine Cash Balance) Presented beneath are various free circumstances. Directions For every individual circumstance, decide the sum that ought to be accounted for as money. In the event that the item(s) isn't accounted for as money, clarify the method of reasoning. We will compose a custom exposition test on Study Notes or then again any comparative theme just for you Request Now 1. Financial records balance $925,000; testament of store $1,400,000; loan to auxiliary of $980,000; utility store paid to gas organization $180. 2. Financial records balance $600,000; an overdraft in exceptional financial records at same bank as typical financial records of $17,000; money held in a security sinking reserve $200,000; frivolous money support $300; coins and cash close by $1,350. 3. Financial records balance $590,000; postdated check from client $11,000; money confined due to keeping up remunerating balance prerequisite of $100,000; affirmed check from client $9,800; postage stamps close by $620. 4. Financial records balance at bank $37,000; currency showcase balance at shared store (has checking benefits) $48,000; NSF check got from client $800. 5. Financial records balance $700,000; money confined for future plant development $500,000; momentary Treasury bills $180,000; loan got from client $900 (excluded from financial records balance); loan of $7,000 to organization official, payable on request; refundable store of $26,000 paid to government to ensure execution on development contract. . Money parity of $925,000. Just the financial records equalization ought to be accounted for as money. The endorsements of store of $1,400,000 ought to be accounted for as a transitory speculation, the loan to auxiliary of $980,000 ought to be accounted for as a receivable, and the utility store of $180 ought to be recognized as a receivable from the gas organization. 2. Money balance is $584,650 processed as follows: Checking account balance |$600,000 | Overdraft |(17,000) | Petty money |300 | Coin and cash | 1,350 | |$584,650 | Money held in a security sinking reserve is confined. Accepting that the bonds are noncurrent, the limited money is likewise detailed as noncurrent. 3. Money balance is $599,800 processed as follows: | Checking account balance |$590,000 | Certified check from client | 9,800 | |$599,800 | The postdated check of $11,000 ought to be accounted for as a receivable. Money confined due to repaying equalization ought to be depicted in a note showing the sort of course of action and sum. Postage stamps close by are accounted for as a feature of office supplies stock or prepaid costs. 4. Money balance is $85,000 processed as follows: Checking account balance |$37,000 | Money advertise shared reserve | 48,000 | |$85,000 | The NSF check got from client ought to be accounted for as a receivable. 5. Money balance is $700,900 figured as follows: Checking account balance |$700,000 | Cash advance got from client | 900 | |$700,900 | Cash confined for future plant extension of $500,000 ought to be accounted for as a noncurrent resource. Transient treasury bills of $180,000 ought to be accounted for as an impermanent venture. Loan got from client of $900 ought to likewise be accounted for as an obligation; loan of $7,000 to organization official ought to be accounted for as a receivable; refundable store of $26,000 paid to government ought to be accounted for as a receivable. 13. FIFO, weighted normal, and LIFO strategies are frequently utilized rather than explicit ID for stock valuation purposes. Contrast these strategies and the particular distinguishing proof technique, examining the hypothetical respectability of every strategy in the assurance of salary and resource valuation. The first-in, first-out strategy approximates the particular distinguishing proof technique when the physical progression of merchandise is on a FIFO premise. At the point when the merchandise are dependent upon waste or disintegration, FIFO is especially suitable. In contrast with the particular distinguishing proof strategy, an alluring as-pect of FIFO is the disposal of the threat of fake assurance of pay by the choice of favorably estimated things to be sold. The fundamental supposition that will be that expenses ought to be charged in the request in which they are brought about. Thus the inventories are expressed at the most recent expenses. Where the stock is expended and esteemed in the FIFO way, there is no bookkeeping acknowledgment of hidden increase or misfortune. An analysis of the FIFO strategy is that it amplifies the impacts of value vacillations upon detailed salary since current income is coordinated with the most seasoned costs which are likely least like ebb and flow substitution costs. Then again, this technique delivers an accounting report an incentive for the benefit near current substitution costs. It is asserted that FIFO is misleading when utilized in a time of rising costs on the grounds that the detailed salary isn't completely accessible since a piece of it must be utilized to supplant stock at greater expense. The outcomes accomplished by the weighted normal technique look like those of the particular identi-fication strategy where things are picked aimlessly or there is a quick stock turnover. Com-pared with the particular distinguishing proof strategy, the weighted normal technique has the preferred position that the merchandise need not be exclusively recognized; along these lines bookkeeping isn't so exorbitant and the strategy can be applied to fungible products. The weighted normal strategy is additionally fitting when there is no checked pattern in value changes. In restriction it is contended that the technique is unreasonable. Since it accept that all deals are made relatively from all buys and that inventories will consistently incorporate units from the primary buys, it is contended that the strategy is outlandish in light of the fact that it is in opposition to the ordered progression of products. Likewise, in times of value changes there is a slack between current expenses and costs alloted to salary or to the valuation of inventories. On the off chance that it is expected that real expense is the proper technique for esteeming inventories, toward the end in, first-out isn't hypothetically right. When all is said in done, LIFO is straightforwardly antagonistic to the particular distinguishing proof strategy in light of the fact that the products are not esteemed as per their standard physical stream. A special case is the use of LIFO to heaped coal or metals which are pretty much expended in a LIFO way. Defenders contend that LIFO gives a superior coordinating of current expenses and incomes. During times of sharp value developments, LIFO has a balancing out impact upon revealed pay figures since it kills paper pay and misfortunes on stock and smooths the effect of annual expenses. LIFO rivals article to the strategy basically in light of the fact that the stock valuation revealed in a critical position sheet could be genuinely deceptive. The benefit figures can be misleadingly affected by the executives through contracting or extending stock amounts. Impermanent in-willful consumption of LIFO inventories would mutilate current salary by the already unrecognized value additions or misfortunes appropriate to the stock decrease. E8-14 (FIFO, LIFO and Average Cost Determination) John Adams Company’s record of exchanges for the long stretch of April was as per the following. Buys Sales April 1 (balance available) 600@ $6. 00 April 3 500 @ $10. 0040 41,500 @ 6. 08 9 1,400 @ 10. 00 8 800 @ 6. 40 11600 @ 11. 00 131,200 @ 6. 50 231,200 @ 11. 00 21 700 @ 6. 60 27 900 @ 12. 0 29 500 @ 6. 79 4,600 5,300 (an) Assuming that occasional stock records are kept in units just, process the stock at April 30 utilizing (1) LIFO and (2) normal expense. (b) Assuming that interminable stock records are kept in dollars, decide the stock utilizing (1) FIFO and (2) LIFO. (c) Compute cost of merchandise sold expecting intermittent stock techniques and stock evaluated at FIFO. (d) In an inflationary period, which stock methodâ€FIFO, LIFO, normal cos tâ€will show the most elevated total compensation? The most effective method to refer to Study Notes, Papers

Provincial Exam Essay Topics

Provincial Exam Essay TopicsThere are many provincial exams that are going to be given throughout the school year, and each of them will be given a different topic. You might get a provincial exam essay project which will have to be written on an unrelated topic, or you might get a project that has a specific topic range in mind. Either way, if you need to know a provincial exam essay topic range that can really make a difference in your course, then this is for you.The province in Alberta is known for their low class sizes, and there are two things that tend to go hand in hand with provincial exam essay topics. First, these provincial exams are very long, and second, it is more difficult to write one of these essays. I guess the comparison between long provincial exams and difficult writing is like comparing hard coffee with instant coffee. In a way, you could say that the government of Alberta is lucky to have a paper mill.Not all of the provincial exam essay topics are extremely l ong. I don't think that you would be in danger of getting an F if you wrote an essay about a dog's intelligence, but this is not what you're going to see. The length of an essay tends to depend on the topic and the province. There are three provinces that are quite the attention grabbers, and they are the following:The first province is the province of Ontario. One of the reasons why these exams tend to be long is because of the kinds of questions that tend to be asked. For example, the Ontario provincial exam generally has a fair amount of information, but it is usually linked to some particular event. Provincial exams that deal with religion and education tend to be especially long, while the provincial exam on animal care is usually shorter.The second province that tends to have long provincial exam essay topics is Nova Scotia. This province is mostly known for its interesting history, but also has a bit of a sporting flair. If you are an athlete who is not interested in politics , then this is probably not the province for you. However, if you are interested in studying history and political life, then this might be the province for you.The third province that tends to have one of the longest provincial exam essay topics is British Columbia. This province is often referred to as 'The Rainy Place', because it is located right in the middle of the country. British Columbia tends to have more provincial exam essay topics than other provinces, which is probably due to the fact that there are a lot of cities within the province that are very popular. Vancouver, Victoria, Nanaimo, Kelowna, and Prince Rupert are all popular for the sheer size of their populations.The provincial exam essay topics in the province of Saskatchewan are usually quite short, because of the culture of the province. Saskatchewan is known for having a lot of rural farmers and labourers, which is one of the reasons why there aren't a lot of tourists within the province. This means that the p rovincial exam tends to be mostly about the people and their personal lives.One final note about provincial exam essay topics in Canada. These topics are quite a bit different than those from the United States. There are many differences that must be taken into account in order to write a good provincial exam essay, and this is what we will focus on in the following articles.

Changes to the Global Economy

Changes to the Global Economy As a presentation, recollect that the recorded foundation meaning the first and the subsequent World War and the virus war made profound financial issues. The monetary worldwide framework crossed a ton of noteworthy occasions, from the incredible melancholy to the stagflation. One of the significant advancement on the planet economy from 1980 is the monstrous neo-progressivism wave. We will consider the Washington Consensus as the foundations of our investigation. Figured by John Williamson in 1990, it is a lot of financial arrangements inside the worldwide networks working at the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. It is a redirection of open use needs toward fields offering both financial returns and the possibility to improve salary circulation to help bombing economies before their enormous obligations. At that point, the term was connected with neo-radicalism process or even globalization process. The neo-radicalism that the world is taking care of was spreaded out from the old English saxon world to the Occidental world and afterward to the entire world and dependent on the privatization, cross-fringe exchange, decrease of the shortage spending But these framework has a few cutoff points and in 2008, theory detonated in USA. The fifteenth of September, a major speculation bank called Lehman Brothers defaulted, spreading a worldwide budgetary emergency. US, UK and European governments were included into salvage plan inside foundations maintaining a strategic distance from a world loss of motion of the framework. A second significant improvement on the planet economy from 1980 is a switch of the equalization of forces between nations. The created nations run over the creating nations. The financial framework licenses to improve the more extravagant and devastate the more unfortunate yet between nations as well as too inside nations. The hole increased among created and creating nations as well as among poor and rich individuals inside created and creating nations. It is somewhat of an endless loop in light of the fact that the economy part it firmly connected to the neediness issue. As indicated by Fisher, â€Å"as far as financial matters is concerned, the large test is poverty[1]†. As a proof of neediness and worldwide imbalances, there are two fundamental accessible pointers. The first, given by the World Bank, is the proportion of outright destitution. It is â€Å" the level of the populace living on under $1.25 every day at 2005 universal prices[2]†. At the time the content was composed, the proportion considered individuals leaving on less $1 per day at 1993 worldwide costs. Regardless of whether from 1987 to 1999, the world proportion of outright destitution diminished from 28,3 % to 23,2 %, a similar proportion without China and in term of total number expanded from 880 millions to 945 millions. In fact, Chinas populace represented 38 %[3] of the total populace around then (19 % today) so subtleties between nations should be determined to have a decent comprehension of the general world circumstance. The subsequent one, given by the United Nation Development program, is the Human Indicator Index. It positions nations as indicated by their degree of improvement. It estimates three measurements, in length and solid life, gain information and better than average standard of leaving, and incorporate into one index[4]. Once more, if from 1980 to 2000, the worldwide HDI expanded, that doesn't imply that â€Å"everyone in the creating nations is doing be tter[5]†. So as an end, markers must be controlled actually cautiously just as the heaviness of each nation and their individual circumstance. The financial circumstance is increasingly more perplexing on the grounds that there is an expanding number of developing nations which are reclassifying the idea of intensity. Inside the creating nations, there is immense turn of events and riches disparities. The BRICs seem, by all accounts, to be an agreement inside this definition. So who right? It is in 2001 that the thought shows up, allowing to depict a transitory and unconstrained world equalization. In 2014, the four BRIC nations turned into the BRICS comparing to five nations: Brazil, Russia, India and China. They speak to 25 % of the earths land surface, 42 % of the total populace and 15% of the world GDP. Every one of these five nations offer relative points of interest. Agrarian items for Brazil, vivacious assets for Russia and Africa, fabricated merchandise for China and tertiary administrations for India. The most recent ten years, they experienced a significant normal yearly development while the European association one was just 1,5 and became significant entertainers of the world economy. Regardless of inconsistencies, they have a great deal of resources for weight against the goliaths of this world. They are atomic monster, vigorous goliath, segment mammoth and perpetual individual from the security chamber. Their financial improvement can be clarified by various reasons. Most importantly, there were an opening from these nations where before the economy was controlled like Russia, India or China. At that point, they expanded the work power accessible at a worldwide level. At long last, they diminished the expense of assembling merchandise and for sure, preferring the development of other piece of the world. These development expanded the interest of merchandise, utilization and mineral, including the development of some different pieces of the world. Business exchange expanded by 4 since 1990. They are additionally battling for an all the more reasonable situation inside the global association like joined country security board, and for rebalanced the democratic rig ht inside the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund[6]. Regardless of their worldwide impact, they are escaping breath since couple of months. That is the reason, a few market analysts, as Laurence Daziano[7], foresee the happening to another gathering of nations, the BENIVMs: Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Nigeria, Vietnam and Mexico These time, Daziano made all the more clear, cognizant, fix and since a long time ago run standards. She thinks about five standards: monetary development, populace of at any rate 100 millions occupants, urbanization (need of foundations) and political dependability. Be that as it may, it is a pragmatist pundit against the BRICS? During the most recent decades the world has seen an overall pattern away from rather shut financial frameworks (Import-Substitution Industrialization, Socialist Planned Economies) towards progressively open and more market-based frameworks. Why this has occurred and what did it bring? To clarify this wonder, I will bolster the modernization hypothesis who clarifies the improvement idea through a recorded beginning. Various standards can clarify this advancement: the ascent of the US as a superpower after the Second World War and as a model to follow; the birth to numerous new country states in the Third World which were looking for improvement model, the US recognized the danger of socialism in post-war Europe and in the Third World accepting that monetary recuperation and modernization and moved them along the way of the US, and hence they would move away from socialism; the financial recuperation of Western Europe fortified the belief system. Advancement is an all inclusive, unconstrained, irreversible procedure characteristic in each and every general public instead of a solid chronicled process occurring in explicit social orders during explicit periods. Improvement is viewed as a developmental viewpoint. Modernization arrangements are not just observed as com ponents of an improvement procedure, yet as all inclusive recorded powers. It looks somewhat like the progress from feudalism to free enterprise in Western financial history. Improvement suggests basic separation and utilitarian specialization. The procedure of improvement can be partitioned into unmistakable stages indicating the degree of advancement accomplished by every general public. There were five phases through which every single creating society needed to pass: the customary society (constrained creation, nonattendance of current science and innovation, rural based, group based country, and fatalistic mindset); the pre-take-off society (numerous conventional qualities evacuated, farming profitability expanded, viable foundation made, new attitude and new class showed up); take-off (generally critical, financial advancement impediments expelled, national salary raised, certain parts grew quicker); the way to development (present day innovation dispersed from the main area, the entire economy moves to mass utilization) and the mass utilization society (today in the West) As per Kornai, this change from communism to private enterprise brought two clear positive changes. The first is that free enterprise implies majority rules system. It is verifiably demonstrated than a fair model is beyond the realm of imagination in an another framework than private enterprise. Ones of the mains highlights of an entrepreneur society is the individual property and market powers. Kornai evaluates that â€Å"there has been no nation with a vote based political circle, past or present, whose economy has not been ruled by private proprietorship and market coordination[8]†. In any case, as a pundit, he concedes that this condition isn't sufficient without anyone else over the long haul. The second positive commitment of an industrialist framework is the specialist improvement. The dynamic of an entrepreneur framework prompts a desire of expanding the benefit and by doing so an improvement of advancement which is bringingâ improvement of telecommunitions: encourage exchanges, cell phone, way sheaper and available in all aprt of the world. There is a raise of web, all finished and all aprts became conceivable and all the more effectively open. References Janos Kornai. â€Å"What the Change of System From Socialism to Capitalism Does and Does Not Mean†, Journal of Economic Perspectives Volume 12, no 1 (2000): 36 [1] Stanley Fisher. â€Å"Globalization and its challenges†. AEA Papers and Proceedings Volume 93, no 2 (2003):2 [2] The World Bank Group. â€Å"Poverty† in Data by Topic, (2014) http://data.worldbank.org/subject/poverty> [10 April 2014] [3] Fisher, Ibid., 6-10 [4] United Nations Development Program. â€Å"Human Development Index† I

What to Do If Your College Applications Are Deferred

If you applied to college under any Early Application deadlines this year, you’re probably anxiously checking your email to learn the result. Early Application decisions will be released by schools shortly, and there are a few things that could happen Best Case Scenario:Â  You’re accepted! If you applied under an Early Decision deadline, it means you are bound to attend, so it’s time to buy the school t-shirt and start planning your next steps! If you applied under an Early Action or Restrictive Early Action deadline, it means you can keep this acceptance in your back pocket and choose to explore other options if you’d like. Either way congratulations! Worst Case Scenario:Â  You’re denied. This stinks, and it will probably be really disappointing news. Take time to process your feelings and accept your fate, and then focus all of your energy on finishing compelling applications to the rest of the schools on your list. Scenario 3: You’re deferred. If you’re deferred, it means that the admissions committee thinks you are a competitive applicant, but they want to see how competitive you are against the applicants who apply under Regular Decision. They are deferring your application to the Regular Decision round, and now you will get their final admissions decision in March. There are a few things you can do in the next few weeks to boost your candidacy. First and foremost, do not inundate your admissions representative with emails and questions. Take the time to craft your strategy and send them just one communication. When you reach out, you should highlight any and all of the accomplishments and updates in your candidacy from when you submitted your application until now. Did you win an award? Did you earn straight As in your classes? Were you chosen as the Captain of a sports team? All of this information should be shared with them, as they can take it into consideration when reviewing your application against the Regular Decision applicant pool. In the end, it’s not the end of the road if you are deferred. It’s important to make sure you submit other competitive applications in the meantime, but there is still a glimmer of hope that you’ll get an admit decision soon!

Term Victorian - English Literature Dissertations - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 19 Words: 5826 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? The era of Queen Victorias reign witnessed the passing of milestones in social, economic, and personal progress. It was the age of industrialisation, a time of travel, a battleground for the conflict between science and religion. Yet further to these great markers by which many of us recognise the nineteenth century, and indeed because of them, Victorias reign inspired change within the individual; a revaluation of what it meant to be a human being. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Term Victorian English Literature Dissertations" essay for you Create order The literary artists gave new form to the questions on the lips of the society around them: questions that were no longer so easily answered by Christianity. This dissertation will explore how the term Victorian does or doesnt fit into the context from which it supposedly arises. I will look at trends such as the development of literary criticism, pioneering scientific discoveries, the exploration into psychic phenomenon, the increasing independence of women, the mapping of the world, all of which contribute to what we know and understand as Victorian, and have in some way shaped the work of authors such as Eliot, Conan Doyle, and H.G Wells. Using some close textual analysis I hope to identify the nature of the inspiration behind the literature of the time and whether or not such work transcends the limits of the term Victorian. Many great literary minds of the time such as Arnold, Dickens, and Ruskin helped define the era in their critical attitudes towards it. (Davis 2002, p.10). Criticism appears to have become a form of exploration in an attempt to turn what concerned and worried the artist into something that questioned and reassured. Arnold, in his dissertations in Criticism (Arnold 1865, p.V) explains how he perceives the difference between logical and artistic thought The truth is I have never been able to ht it off happily with the logicians, and it would be mere affectation in me to give myself the airs of doing so. They imagine truth something to be proved, I something to be seen; they something to be manufactured, I as something to be found. It is this growing awareness of difference that was to become a defining feature of Victorian literature. Differences appeared in the very perception of things, which led to feelings of isolation, despair, alienation all prominent themes in nineteenth century work. In Arnolds A Summer Night (https://whitewolf.newcastle.edu.au/words/authors/A/ArnoldMatthew/verse/EmpedoclesonEtna/summernight.html) we see the poetic mind struggling to find meaning on a moonlit street where the windows, like hostile faces, are silent and white, unopening down: And the calm moonlight seems to say Hast thou then still the old unquiet breast That neither deadens into rest Nor ever feels the fiery glow That whirls the spirit front itself away, 30 But fluctuates to and fro Never by passion quite possessd And never quite benumbd by the worlds sway? And I, I know not if to pray Still to be what I am, or yield, and be Like all the other men I see. Arnold recognises that the society around him is unfulfilled, that men are giving their lives to some unmeaning taskwork and he questions whether he should be questioning at all. He is aware of a gap between the reality of working life and life outside of work; a difference that he strives to find explanation for. Arnold appears to be lost amidst the streets of his own mind afraid of not being able to define who he is, what he is. These feelings in part express what it meant to be a Victorian struggling to place thoughts and feelings which appear to no longer fit into society. The Victorian era contained much of what had past and much of what was still to come it cannot be seen as an isolated time, nor as an isolated term. It contained aspects of the Romantic period for instance in Arnolds poem, The Buried Life, we see vestiges of Wordsworths legacy of Ode to Immortality. In both poems there is a sense of something lost an old passion or instinct that has gone with the passing of time yet Arnold, unlike Wordsworth, finds it more difficult to come to terms with this: A longing to inquire / Into the mystery of this heart that beats / So wild, so deep in us, to know / Whence our thoughts come and where they go. (https://www.web-books.com/Classics/Poetry/Anthology/Arnold_M/Buried.htm). The language is more passionately discontent than the resolute tone of Wordsworths visionary acceptance: We will grieve not, rather find/Strength in what remains behind. (Wordsworth 1928, p.136). The styles are obviously connected, but the trouble with defining the era usin g literary terminology is that it is clearly neither a quirky extension of the Romantics vision, nor is it a straightforward path to the modernists. The 1870s saw the maturation of authors such as Anthony Trollope who brought out his later novels, yet only twenty years later in 1896 these publications are sitting beside the considerably different form and subject matter of work such as H.G. Wellls The Time Machine and The Island of Dr. Moreau, with literary experiments with the modern such as Richard Jefferies The Story of My Heart (a spiritual autobiography) -occurring between in 1883. A growing concern in nineteenth century life was the potential loss of the Romantic link between human nature and the natural world, and the gap which sudden industrial progress highlighted between nature and mechanisation. As technology developed so did the notion of artificiality. It is worth noting J.S.Mills dissertation on Nature (Mill 1874, p.65) where he says that it is mans nature to be artificial, to remedy nature by artificial pruning and intervention. Further to this, a contemporary of Mills Richard Jennings also drew a line between the province of human nature and the external world. (Lightman 1997, p.80). In the countryside more efficient methods of farming were employed (see the contrast between Henchards methods and Farfraes ciphering and mensuration in Hardys Mayor of Casterbridge, (Hardy 1886, p.122)), and new machines introduced which no longer required the labour force to run them, encouraging people to migrate to towns and cities. The urban reality was harsh in 1851 roughly four million people were employed in trade and manufacture and mining, leaving only one and a half million in agriculture. (Davis 2002, p.13). City life, as portrayed by Dickens, was a cruel, unhealthy and unwholesome existence for many. Working conditions in cities were often cramped, unhygienic and poorly ventilated, and living conditions could be even worse. Mrs. Gaskell, living in Manchester, witnessed the appalling pressures that these conditions forced upon family life, and in North and South depicts the difficulties of urban living, offering that salvation for the working classes lay with themselves and their employers, working together. However, city life was not all desolate based in cities, the development of the detective novel brought the city back to human scale (Lehan, p.84). Detectives pieced together and reconstructed past events through clues for example, the murder of Bartholomew Sholto in The Sign of Four by Conan Doyl e: As far as we can learn, no actual traces of violence were found upon Mr Sholtos person, but a valuable collection of Indian gems which the deceased gentleman had inherited from his father had been carried off. The discovery was first made by Mr Sherlock Holmes and Dr Watson () Mr. Athelney Jones, the well-known member of the detective police force, happened to be at the Norwood police station () Mr Jones well-known technical knowledge and his powers of minute observation have enabled him to prove conclusively that the miscreants could not have entered by the door or by the window but must have made their way across the roof of the building, and so through a trapdoor into a room which communicated with that in which the body was found. (p.66) The city provided an exciting backdrop to crime scenes its labyrinthine streets similar to the mapping of the pathways of the human mind so that the two became inextricably linked. As Joseph McLaughlin says in Writing the Urban Jungle, the urban jungle is a space that calls forth a pleasurable acquiescence to something greater, more powerful, and, indeed, sublime () also an imaginative domain that calls forth heroic action: exploring, conquering, enlightening, purifying, taming, besting. (McLaughlin 2000, p.3). Further to what McLaughlin suggests, the Victorians perception of time and space in the city and the countryside was changing radically from the medieval perceptions that still existed in the Romantic period. People saw the finished products in both manufacturing and farming no longer involving the long, drawn-out means to an end, instead the end result was being achieved faster and with more control. Here developed the root of modern industry which continues today in intensive farming and factory lines. Yet here too the beginnings of waste and excess. Richard Jefferies, a nineteenth century naturalist and mystic, known for his dissertations on nature, remarks on the abundance of food in the natural world in his dissertation Meadow Thoughts: The surface of the earth offers to us far more than we can consume the grains, the seeds, the fruits, the animals, the abounding products are beyond the power of all the human race to devour. They can, too, be multiplied a thousandfold. There is no natural lack. Whenever there is lack among us it is from artificial causes, which intelligence should remove. (Jefferies 1994, p.26). Unfortunately there was plenty for those who could afford it but not enough to spare for the poorer lower classes. (Ritvo 1997, p.194). Trends of over production and wastage which became a worry in Victorian times are reflected in the literary concerns of Jefferies childrens story, Bevis, where words, despite their abundance, are in danger of becoming an insufficient medium of expression and not filling the metaphysical space on the page. In describing a sunrise and the thoughts and feelings associated with watching it, Jefferies struggles to articulate the beauty before him: The sun had not yet stood out from the orient, but his precedent light shone through the translucent blue. Yet it was not blue, nor is there any word, nor is a word possible to convey the feeling. (Jefferies 1881, p.391) We see too in James Thomsons City of Dreadful Night (Thomson 1892, p.2) the desperateness of trying to articulate thoughts and feelings: Because a cold rage seizes one at whiles To show the bitter old and wrinkled truth Stripped naked of all vesture that beguiles, False dreams, false hopes, false masks and modes of youth; Because it gives some sense of power and passion In helpless impotence to try to fashion Our woe in living words howeer uncouth. In both passages there is a sense of trying to convey so much more than the words will allow. And that is the essence of the problem of defining the era with a word which the era itself selected Victorian like the authors of its time struggles to convey the enormity and the condensed nature of its changing environment. Victorian literature is thus perhaps best studied between the lines of its texts rather than for what it offers at face value. Thomsons words to try to fashion our woe in living words although appearing dismal could actually withhold a more positive message: it deals with the notion of perseverance that by creating words, however difficult, the author is refusing to give in to despair by trying to transform it into creative energy. There is a sense of crisis in the work of Thomson, just as there is to be found in Jefferies futuristic After London where the lone explorer Felix discovers the land after humanity has overreached itself to sociological disaster and has lost the harmonious relationship between mankind and nature. London becomes no more than a crystallised ruin in a ground oozing with poison unctuous and slimy, like a thick oil. (Jefferies 1885, p.205). Through work like this we see that Victorian was an era of possibility where visions of the future suddenly became tangible concerns and possible realities, and where contemporary conceptions of language and life might no longer hold up to the pressures of the time. In H.G. Wells the Time Machine, the time traveller discovers a land in the year 802,701: The air was free from gnats, the earth from weeds or fungi; everywhere were fruits and sweet and delightful flowers; brilliant butterflies flew hither and thither. The ideal of preventative medicine was attained. diseases had been stamped out. I saw no evidence of any contagious diseases during all my stay. And i shall have to tell you later that even the processes of putrefaction and decay had been profoundly affected by these changes. (Wells 1995, p.28) In this description of a futuristic age the Victorian imagination still retains the idea of a paradise a place full of butterflies and flowers. This Christian concept is a literary hangover from Miltons Paradise Lost, and remains an important theme for the moderns such as D.H. Lawrence. The Victorian age suffered from a dualistic split between a bright future on the one hand promised by leaps in technology, education and economical success and an increasingly alienated, confused society on the other. There were those writers like Huxley who believed that by human intervention within a political and economic framework humans could evolve out of their condition seeing no limit to the extent to which intelligence and will () may modify the conditions of existence (Huxley, 1893, Evolution and Ethics, The Romanes Lecture (https://aleph0.clarku.edu/huxley/CE9/E-E.html), and there were those like Hardy whose characters were destined to fail because they were not emotionally fitted into the cosmos out of which they evolved . It was the nineteenth century spiritual crisis which precipitated the literary shift into the new genre of the realist novel. By the mid-nineteenth century, society had begun to grow away from the idea of atonement for sin within an omnipotent religion, where judgement would come solely in heaven, and towards the more humanistic idea of God as in-dwelling, so that salvation could be achieved on earth: We have now come to regard the world not as a machine, but as an organism, a system in which, while the parts contribute to the growth of the whole, the whole also reacts upon the development of the parts; and whose primary purpose is its own perfection, something that is contained within and not outside itself, an internal end: while in their turn the myriad parts of this universal organism are also lesser organisms, ends in and for themselves, pursuing each its lonely ideal of individual completeness. (Gore (ed) 1890, p.211) A spiritual lack created a need to define, order and categorise a world that suddenly appeared chaotic. When Darwin published On the Origin of Species in 1859 he raised issues of public concern as to the truth of the bible and the essence of Christianity. However, its content and its methodology were seriously criticised (Appleman 2001, p.200). It was a difficult work to accept as it caused the public to rethink and redefine their history that they were a product of evolution and not a tailor made being came as a shock. The future of thought and literature was suddenly changed as people tried to sew together the threads of the past. Natural Science became a national obsession exotic flora and fauna from across the world were brought into London daily, to be displayed in the British Museum or Kew Gardens (Lightman, 1997 p.1). In literature, we see the author begin to play the part of evolutionist: Eliots Middlemarch although concerned with the evolving character of Dorothea Brooke follows the threads of sub-plots and the successes and failures of other characters which form a pattern of development. As Gillian Beer says: There is not one primitive tissue, just as there is not one key to all mythologies () emphasis upon plurality, rather than upon singleness, is crucial to the developing argument of Middlemarch. (Beer 2000, p.143). Gone is the tradition of the valiant hero or heroine singularly conquering their environment (a trend set by classics such as Homers The Odyssey (1967)) and in its place a landscape upon which the author grafts and nurtures developing shoots of life. It is this sort of growth that is in danger of remaining unseen to the contemporary historian or critic as it can become shrouded by generalising concepts which are so often prescribed to the term Victorian concepts such as repression, old-fashioned and prudish. (https://www.victorianweb.org/vn/victor4.html). These sort of terms restrict the individuals perception of the era when it was a time when growth was encouraged rather than restricted. Authors used the metaphor of pruning and nurturing plant life to symbolise the development of the self for example in North and South Gaskell discusses the problem of the working individual who struggles to reach his or her potential when the manufacturers are unsparingly cutting away all off-shoots in the direction of literature or high mental cultivation, in hopes of throwing the whole strength and vigour of the plant into commerce. (Gaskell 1865, p.69). For Gaskell, it is through the everyday interaction between people that such difficulties are given the chance to be overcome. And this was the essence of the realist novel set amidst a world which had witnessed such alteration to transform the lostness felt by society into a seeing of the smaller things in life which could withhold qualities of greater spiritual value. As Philip Davis says, the realist novel was the holding ground, the meeting point, for the overlapping of common life. (Davis 2002, p.144). And it was within this common life that a more calm acceptance of the new state could be achieved. Gillian Beer suggests that through her novels organisation Eliot creates order and understanding of the evolving process of novel-writing. In Middlemarch, the naming of Casaubons books Waiting for Death, Two Temptations, Three Love Problems draws attention to the books organisation by emphasising categorisation: But the process of reading leads into divergence and variability. Even while we are observing how closely human beings conform in the taxonomy of events we learn how differently they feel and think. For Dorothea and Casaubon waiting for death means something very different from what it means for Mary Garth and Featherstone. The relations are different. The distances between people are different. Lydgate, here at one with the project of the book, longed to demonstrate the more intimate relations of living structure (1:15:225). In this double emphasis on conformity and variability George Eliot intensifies older literary organisations by means of recent scientific theory. In Darwinian theory, variability is the creative principle, but the type makes it possible for us to track common ancestry and common kinship. (Beer 2000, pp.143-4) Writing itself was becoming an almost divine representation, an inner order of a chaotic external world. The idea that humans had evolved from primates meant that the boundaries between what was one thing and what was another were no longer so clearly defined. There developed a fear of the animate and a fear of the inanimate, and efforts were sought to understand them. As Harriet Ritvo says in The Platypus and the Mermaid: Depending on the beholder, an anomaly might be viewed as embodying a challenge to the established order, whether social, natural, or divine; the containment of that challenge; the incomprehensibility of the creation by human intelligence; or simply the endless and diverting variety of the world. And beholders who agreed on the content of the representation could still disagree strongly about its moral valence whether it was good or bad, entrancing or disgusting. (Ritvo 1997, p.148). In a world where categorisation was important but not so easily achievable, the novel too became neither one thing nor another; realism became a melting pot for ideas, a sort of hybrid of styles. In Eliots The Lifted Veil realism is used as a vehicle for the exploration of her ideas into psychology and psychic phenomena. Latimers clairvoyance forces him to endure a painful insight into the minds of the people around him: I began to be aware of a phase in my abnormal sensibility, to which, from the languid and slight nature of my intercourse with others since my illness, I had not been alive before. This was the obtrusion on my mind of the mental process going forward in first one person, and then another, with whom I happened to be in contact: the vagrant, frivolous ideas and emotions of some uninteresting acquaintanceMrs Filmore, for examplewould force themselves on my consciousness like an importunate, ill-played musical instrument, or the loud activity of an imprisoned insect. But this superadded consciousness, wearying and annoying enough when it urged on me the trivial experience of indifferent people, became an intense pain and grief when it seemed to be opening to me the souls of those who were in a close relation to me when the rational talk, the graceful attentions, the wittily-turned phrases, and the kindly deeds, which used to make the web of their characters, were seen as if thrust asunder by a microscopic vision, that showed all the intermediate frivolities, all the suppressed egoism, all the struggling chaos of puerilities, meanness, vague capricious memories, and indolent make-shift thoughts, from which human words and deeds emerge like leaflets covering a fermenting heap.(Eliot 1859, pp.13-14) Latimer is no longer caught up in the web of peoples characters. Eliot plays with the idea that his consciousness has the ability to transcend the mundane the rational talk, the kindly deeds in order to gain insight into an alternative and not so rosy vision of the mechanics of the human mind where thoughts are make-shift and chaotic. The nineteenth century saw the acceptance of the concept of otherworldly phenomena into the working classes. Robert Owen, a social reformer, who influenced the British Labor movement (Oppenheim 1985, p.40) encouraged many working class Owenites to follow him into the spiritualist fold, where they enthusiastically continued their ongoing search for the new moral world. Interests such as spiritualism and psychology which had previously been more underground pursuits, were brought out into the open. The concept of telepathy, a term coined by Frederic Myers in 1882 (Luckhurst 2002, p.1) even helped to theorize the uneasy cross-cultural encounters at the colonial frontier. (Luckhurst 2002, p.3) These developments suggest that the Victorians felt imbued with the power of their age they felt confident of their ability to communicate on different planes of consciousness. So it could be argued that Victorian was not simply a time devoted to the discovery of the self and the workings of the inner mind, but a time that also focused on the projection of ideas and thoughts outside of the self; ideas which themselves stand outside of the category Victorian. In 1869 the Spiritualist Newspaper began selling first as a fortnightly, then as a weekly publication. (Oppenheim 1985, p.45). This draws the discussion to the point of representation the social nature of Victorians seems to suggest that they enjoyed the focus being on themselves. Self-obsession is an aspect of the time which the term Victorian usefully represents: by specifically referring to the rule of the Queen the term draws attention to the importance of the individual. The era saw the development of many different styles of fashion and the use of photography. As part of the Freudian influence great importance was placed on childhood and it was during the nineteenth century that the first laws concerning child welfare were passed. (Mavor quoted from Brown (ed) 2001, p.i) The focus on the central, the ego, was paramount. As Mavor says, it was as if the camera had to be invented in order to document what would soon be lost, childhood itself; and childhood had to be invented in order for the camera to document childhood (a fantasy of innocence) as real. (Brown (ed) 2001, p.27). Perhaps because of societys awareness of change there seems to have been a necessity to record and keep track of the world around. Discovery took place on a much grander scale in the exploration of the world. The British Empire was global, yet as Patrick Brantlinger suggests in Rule of Darkness, (Brantlinger 1988, p.4) imperialism was not generally reflected in the literature of the time. What we do see evidence of however is the mapping of new worlds and territories (Richard Jefferies Bevis). The development of the adventure story suggests that Victorians desired to explore what lay outside of what they knew and in this respect the term Victorian which people can think of as representing a society closed within in itself is misleading. The rise of imperialism began to shape the ideological dimensions of subjects studied in school (Bristow 1991, p.20) and so through literature the Victorian child was offered an exciting world of sophisticated representation and ideas with the knowledge that the world was theirs to explore. Does the term then encourage us to think of the society as a class of people set apart from the rest of the world? In The Island of Dr. Moreau it is not just the future of science that is explored but the concept of a new territory and its effects on the mind. For example, when the protagonist first sees the beast-servant on board the ship he is immediately frightened: I did not know then that a reddish luminosity, at least, is not uncommon in human eyes. The figure, with its eyes of fire, struck down through all my adult thoughts and feelings, and for a moment the forgotten horrors of childhood came back to my mind. Then the effect passed as it had come. An uncouth black figure of a man, a figure of no particular import, hung over the taffrail, against the starlight. (Wells 1997, p.31). The circumstances of being at sea is disorientating and causes the imagination to play tricks so that the man is first one thing a figure with its eyes of fire and then suddenly becomes an uncouth black figure of a man. The effect is that the protagonist suddenly regresses to the forgotten horrors of childhood. This sudden fluctuation is important as it represents the fluidity of the era and how change and discovery on a global scale, although empowering, also caused instability within the individual. Therefore, when considering the age in the context of its name we can understand that the term was perhaps created out of both the desire to represent achievement but also out of a need to belong. This desire to belong which manifested itself during an age ruled by one woman placed great importance on the role of the female in society. It was a time when women began to travel and write without the necessity of using a pseudonym (see Cheryl McEwan on Kingsley in West Africa, (2000, p.73)). In books such as Hardys Tess of the DUrbervilles the idea of the fallen woman is tested when Tesss crucial lack of belief in herself causes her never to discover the paradise with Clare that might have been. The nineteenth century began to be more explicit concerning issues of gender: for example, the relationship between Arthur Munby and Hannah Cullwick (see McClintock 1995, pp.132-138) where Cullwick is photographed cross-dressed as a farm worker. A Victorian man however appears to have had more stigma attached to him and in this context the term is commonly associated with heroism and English valour (Ridley/Dawson 1994, p.110). There is less flexibility surrounding the notion of Victorian men -as if the term somehow threatened their masculinity. However, this did not seem to affect the male authors of the time. Lewis Carroll captured the public imagination through Alices Adventures in Wonderland, which although following the story of a little girl, depicts many male characters. (see Carroll 2000). In conclusion, the term Victorian although useful to refer to a specific time period in history, does however encourage us to make sweeping generalisations without investigating how diverse the era was. In terms of the subject matter of Victorian Literature there is no clear cut distinction between early, middle and late Victorian for example, Bulwer-Lytton attempts at the beginning of the century what Richard Jefferies does at the end the difference is in style and form. Within that time frame there was condensed an incredible diversity of styles, tastes and attitudes, yet the term suffers from being associated with prejudices and assumptions about Victorians. However, it is worth bearing in mind that prejudices were indeed a part of Victorian society. When the Victorians explored the rest of the world they made generalisations and assumptions based on what they found (eg: The Island of Dr. Moreau) where experience and the nature of what is discovered defines behaviour. As a critic in 1858 wrote we are living in an age of transition (quoted from Houghton 1957, p.1); therefore when considering the Victorian age we should remember that values and trends were evolving it was not a static time governed by repression or old fashioned values. From the research carried out for this dissertation it appears that through the gaining of knowledge, Victorians also realised how little they knew and how much more there was to discover. As Arnold says in A Summer Night: How fair a lot to fill / Is left to each man still. (https://whitewolf.newcastle.edu.au/words/authors/A/ArnoldMatthew/verse/EmpedoclesonEtna/summernight.html). In this context the term Victorian can be dualistically representative: discoveries of the time, although revolutionary, were often rudimentary in nature, and it was humbling for the individual to consider how much further knowledge and discovery had yet to go. On the other hand, the term suffers too from being inadequate: a single word is too smaller term for the vast wealth and diversity of discovery, and it could be argued that the era is better realised if seen as a second revolution. Like the Victorian authors themselves we are left with no suitable words to convey the entirety of an era as John Lawton says in his introduction to The Time Machine (1995, p.xxvi) the term Victorian is used too loosely to encompass a sequence of eras, the diverse reign of a woman who lent her name to objects as diverse as a railway terminus and a plum. When studying Victorian Literature it is worth bearing in mind the fluidity of the time and the changeability which arose out of living on the cusp between the passing away of old values and the unknown territory of the new. Realism recognised the gaps which were forming in society such as the distancing of the self from religion and offered to paper the cracks through its vision of bringing people together on a mundane level. Its territory stretched to include the darkest recesses of the mind to the smallest of everyday events, celebrating the grey area between extremes as we now know as Victorian. Bibliography Arnold, M., Reprint of 1865 ed. dissertations in Criticism With the addition of Two dissertations not hitherto reprinted. London: Routledge. Appleman, P, 2001, Darwin. London: Norton Beer, G., 2000, Darwins Plots. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Brantlinger, P, 1988, Rule of Darkness:British Literature and Imperialism. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press Bristow, J., 1991, Empire Boys:Adventures in a Mans World. London: Harper Collins. Brown, M., 2001, (ed) Picturing Children. Aldershot: Ashgate Bulwer-Lytton, E., 1853, A Strange Story. London: Routledge Carroll. L., 2000, Alice in Wonderland. New York: Harper Festival. Conan Doyle, A., 2001, The Sign of Four. London: Penguin Davis, P, 2002, The Victorians. Oxford: Oxford University Press Dickens, C., 1994 (first published 1852-3), Bleak House. London: Penguin Eliot, G., 1999, The Lifted Veil: Brother Jacob. Helen Small (ed). New York: Oxford University Press Gaskell, E., 2003, (first published 1855), North and South. London: Penguin Gore, C., (ed), 1890, Lux Mundi: a Series of studies of the Religion of the Incarnation. London: John Murray Hardy, T., 1994, (first published 1886), The Mayor of Casterbridge. London: Penguin Houghton, W., 1957. The Victorian Frame of Mind, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Huxley, T., 1893, Evolution and Ethics, The Romanes Lecture (https://aleph0.clarku.edu/huxley/CE9/E-E.html) Jefferies, R., 1989, (first published 1882), Bevis. Oxford: Oxford University Press Jefferies, R., 1980, (first published 1885), After London. (Oxford: Oxford University Press) Jefferies, R., 1938, (first published 1883), The Story of My Heart. (Middlesex: Penguin) Lehan, R., 1998, The City in Literature. Berkley; CA: UCLA Press Lightman, B., 1997, Victorian Science in Context. Chicago: Chicago University Press Luckhurst, R., 2002, The Invention of Telepathy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Mack, M, (ed),1967, Alexander Pope: The Odyssey of Homer. London: Methuen McClintock, A., 1995, Imperial Leather: Race,Gender and Sexuality in the Colonial Contest. London: Routledge McEwan, C., 2000, Gender, Geography and the Empire. Aldershot: Ashgate McLaughlin, J., 2000, Writing the Urban Jungle. Virginia: University Press of Virginia Oppenheim, J., 1985, The Other World: Spiritualism and Psychical Research in England 1850-1914. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Ridley, H., and Dawson, G., 1994, Soldier Heroes: British Empire and Images of Masculinity. London: Routledge Ritvo, H., 1997, The Platypus and the Mermaid. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press Thomson, J., 1892, The City of Dreadful Night. Portland: Thomas B. Mosher Wells, H.G., 1995 (first published 1895), The Time Machine. London: Dent Wells, H.G., 1997, (first published 1896) The Island of Dr. Moreau. Bath: Chivers Press Wordsworth, W., 1928, Poetry and the Drama: The Longer Poems of William Wordsworth. Everymans library edition, (Ernest Rhys(ed)). London: J.M. Dent and Sons Ltd. https://www.web-books.com/Classics/Poetry/Anthology/Arnold_M/Buried.htm. https://whitewolf.newcastle.edu.au/words/authors/A/ArnoldMatthew/verse/EmpedoclesonEtna/summernight.html. https://www.victorianweb.org/vn/victor4.html. Further Reading Bergonzi, B., 1973, The Turn of the Century. London: Macmillan Bivona, D., 1990, Desire and Contradiction. Imperial visions and domestic debates in Victorian Literature. Manchester: Manchester University Press Buckley, J., 1975, The Worlds of Victorian Fiction. Boston: Harvard University Press Lawrence, D.H, 1995, (first published 1915), The Rainbow. Hertfordshire: Wordsworth Hardy, T., 1974 (first published 1891) Tess of the DUrbervilles. London: Penguin. Hewitt, M, 2000, An Age of Equipoise:Re-assessing Mid-Victorian Britain. Aldershot: Ashgate Houghton, W., 1957, The Victorian Frame of Mind. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press Nordeau, M., 1993, Degeneration. LincolnLondon: University of Nebraska Press Mitchell, R., 2000, Picturing the Past: English History in Text and Image. Oxford: Oxford University Press Phillips, R., 1997, Mapping Men and Empire. London: Routledge Pratt, M., L., 1992, Imperial Eyes: Travel Writing and Transculturation. London: Routledge Robson, C., 2001, Men in Wonderland: The Lost Girlhood of the Victorian Gentlemen. New Jersey: Princeton University Press Schad, J., 1999, Victorians in Theory: from Derrida to Browning. Manchester: Manchester University Press Thurschwell, P., 2001, Literature,Technology and Magical Thinking. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Wheeler, M., 1994, Heaven, Hell and the Victorians. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Winter, A., 1998, Mesmerised: Powers of Mind in Victorian Britain. Chicago: University of Chicago Press Wolfreys, J., 1999, Writing London. London: Palgrave

Chapter 4 Of The Nagami Book Dealt With Aids And How It...

Chapter 4 of the Nagami book dealt with AIDS and how it became a common infection in the population. In the book Dr. Nagami explained how mysterious the origin of the disease was in the beginning of the outbreak. There were various explanation for the origins. It was believed that amyl nitrate â€Å"poppers† could be a cause for the disease since homosexual men were known to use them before sex. It appeared predominately in the gay population at the time. Eventually it appeared in the intravenous drug using population, Haitians, people who underwent transfusions and eventually the heterosexual population. This unknown source of the disease was what caused fear in the early stages of the disease. Dr. Nagami explained how this caused fear even in the medical profession as some doctors moved away from treating HIV patients. Dr. Nagami herself changed her behavior being reluctant to shake hands with AIDS patients. Dr. Nagami also knew the fear of HIV from two personal experiences. She was conducting an exam of an HIV patient with a sharpened stick when the patient didn’t respond she poked her finger and drew blood. This exposed her to an HIV infection. She immediately washed her hands rinsed the wound with alcohol and began a regimen of AZT drug treatment. She immediately became fearful of contracting the disease and realized if she did have the disease she would only live to see her children reach their teenage years. This preoccupied her thoughts for a period of a weeks. She then

Strategic Environment Of Volkswagen Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Strategic Environment Of Volkswagen. Answer: History Volkswagen was founded in 1937 in Berlin Germany by the German Labour Front, due to increased demand by the average German to own a car. The early 1930s, the automobile industry was dominated by luxury models which the average person could not afford. It was headquartered in Wolfsburg in Eastern Germany. Herbert Diess is the chairman of the board of management and in 2016 financial year led to manufacture of 6.073 million units of VW cars a significant increase from past years. However, due to challenging economic conditions and increased competition from major automobile manufactures like Toyota, Mercedes, Nissan and others the revenue shrinked to 105.651 Billion Euros for FY 2016. Net income consequently dipped to 1.869 Billion Euros in the same financial year. Although not a most memorable event, Adolf Hitler ordered that VW manufacture more vehicle to carry to adults and three children at 100km/hr as he wanted more access of cars by ordinary citizens (Polachek and Tatsiramos, n.d .). VW manufactured this vehicles and more people bought cars for their families. Although the automobile industry has been competitive in the past 50 years, strategies to be the business leader globally has led to VW repositioning itself both externally and internally for the goal. The reason for taking VW as the study corporation is because in recent times it has had several issues in technology and economic environments that has led to the so called VW Scandal which led to resignation of senior executives. Technological environment With an increase in competition, VW has been one of the companies in the automobile industry that has really benefited from an upgrade of their technology. The VW workshop or manufacturing assembly in Wolfsburg has seen tremendous change in technological upgrade to help in manufacture or more units at a lesser time. Technological processes that run in the Poznan plant of VW was designed to ensure that there is maximum care for the external environment while maximizing greater efficiency of car production. The company acquired the latest technology, utility and management system s that ensure that the environment is greatly taken care of (Samii and Karush, 2004). The technological advancement ensures that there is chemical management of substances that are applied in production of VW parts. Technology is centered on these parts namely; in reduction of carbon dioxide emission which are harmful to the biodiversity. Protection against air pollution in a bid to be environmentally friendly Waste and water management Sewage management where VW has introduced 23 measuring points that conduct constant measuring of water in the Monitoring and measurement of volatile organic substances . Economic environment This forms major part of the analysis as the environment determines the amount of profits and losses VW operates in comparative to the other companies. Increase in economic environment identifies how to understand and take advantage of some economic and social indicators. For this environment the economy reviews the issue at the macroeconomic level and then analyzes the automotive sector, which is the most important in the manufacturing industry, in terms of opportunities and threats. In relation to the global economic environment, we review what happened after the world recession . International trade and the capital market were seriously affected, the export volumes of primary products were reduced and the growth strategy was changed based on in the export of primary products by another model known as Inward Growth Policy (Schwartz, 2017). There was economic growth, however, inflation i8 was 7.35%, there was a trade deficit and devaluation i of 44.5%. In 1970 it was observed that technology and productivity was vital and that it would be the engine of growth. The economic environment affects the progress and evolution of companies. A country that has a flexible exchange rate that has it fixed or that has a tendency to high inflation that is low is different. A country that has low or high interest rates or that has a public sector of 30% of GDP or 48% of GDP is different. A country that usually shows a surplus in a current account balance is different to one that shows a deficit or has a qualified workforce that does not and, also, a country that increases its productivity significantly or does not do it is different (Worthington and Britton, 2015) For any VW manager it is important to know the economic situation that VW is going through. There must be a minimum knowledge of the economy and of the decisions that governments are expected to adopt according to a country that is in a situation of overheating of the economy or of deceleration, high growth or recession. The companies will have a better evolution in a country with a certain economic stability and a self-sustained growth, than a country with important lags in economic cycles. The economic environment of a company can be affected by internal and external factors. An internal factor that affects the business environment is the cost of labor, materials, processes and procedures. Internal factors can be improved through projects. On the other hand, external factors can also affect these environments, with the company having less control over these. The main factors that influence a company are: political, economic, social and technological (Latin America and the Caribbean in the world economy 2014, 2014) Competitive Environment Competition is something that has always existed in the business world, is something positive and that helps self-regulate the market and generate improvements. Years ago, the competition focused on getting a better or superior product for the same price. Today that competition has changed, the product is less important, now compete for the intangible of each product or service. Notice that in the current advertising, the characteristics and properties of the products are hardly praised. The announcements of car, before everything was to extol its characteristics, ABS, TDI, BSM, EPS , Until a mark was invented the ziritione. Nowadays the advertisements simply show the car, its appearance, they try to appeal to your emotions and experiences when driving it (Seth, 2015). This means nothing more than if you want to be on the crest of the wave, you have to be very competitive and be continuously improving and making proposals to the market. Some of the strategies you can carry out are: Be aware of the market. Observe trends and be able to respond to the changes you require. It is one of the pillars of the lean startup methodology. This technique implies having very short service times in the supply chain. Here forget that big companies eat girls. Today, this phrase is: "Agile companies eat slow companies." Monitor competitors regularly. This strategy will give you light in the difficult moments that you do not know where to direct your continuous improvement. With a bit of luck, if your competitors make a mistake, with this strategy you will save time and money. You already know where not to fail and what decisions do not take. Undoubtedly it will not help you to be number 1 in your sector, at most you aspire to be the second (Seth, 2015). Labor Environment The work environment must be taken care of and always monitored in order to be a successful company since it is said that "happy employees make successful companies". In reality, this factor not only makes companies successful, but also lasts for many years. How many examples can we have of companies that were born, were developed and by a bad decision that affected some work condition, they quickly collapsed and in a short time disappeared? Normally, this happens with the micro and small companies, in other cases if the companies are large, probably because of their economic power they do not disappear-, but the cost of getting back up is enormous. Sometimes as leaders we do not realize how impressive the decisions we make are towards our collaborators. What for me or my leaders may be a great idea, perhaps for associates or collaborators it is not. I do not say that everything has to be consulted with them or should be postponed if it is not an action that is going to be accepted immediately (Trevin?o and Weaver, 2003). What I mean is that you should always know the ways in which you should send all the communications to your associates. Carry out a survey about your company's work environment Motivate your collaborators; Remember, not everything should be based on money Resource Environment Another strategy to improve VWs resources within a market in many ways is to create a second brand. Creating a brand of your product is an idea not as farfetched as it seems. Especially if there is still no one working in that brand. VW label in your same market will make your main brand stand naturally as a first brand, acquiring a perception of higher quality and confidence in front of consumers. It helps not to have to fight for price, although it is a variable that should not be neglected (Hisrich and Kralik, 2016). On the other hand, if with the main brand you make a product that really has quality and extras, you are securing that superior status. With the white label you can place it just below and penetrate a segment of customers that organically would not be within reach your main brand. These are some of the tactics to be more competitive within a market. There are many more, there are even people who are only responsible for thinking and studying new innovative strategies to become more competitive (Block and MacMillan, 2003) Legal and regulatory environment For VW as an automaker, the legal and regulatory framework must be adhered to. This is in regards to safety standards, environment, taxation, social corporate responsibility and many more. Regulatory authorities have set guidelines to be followed under the motor maker act. The regulations that are followed at most are environmental so that in the course of production, the automaker does not pollute the environment. Faulty systems in the recent past have seen many of VW units being taken back as a result of lack of safety procedures. Heavy losses are uncured by the company due to civil suits instituted as class suits that are heavy on the company. If a company like VW is taken to court on numerous infringement of rights it stands to lose its reputation (Brinkman, 2014). Global Environment This is intertwined with both the economic environment and the competitive environment. If a company like VW which is a global brand depends on the global environmental outlook , it will have to work on iots global brand. The economy of the world is affected by the geo-political and social environment. Companies like Toyota which is now the leading motor maker in the world affect the units that VW will sell if the competition is right. Other like how people are fairing on economically and the taste vis a vis the competitors brand will also affect in global environment (Cherunilam, 2010). Interpretation and Analysis When defining and developing a business strategy in our company we could establish three stages. The first would consist of a strategic analysis and diagnosis, that is, an external analysis of the environment of the company in general or macro-environment, in terms of economy, technology, social structure, natural environment and an analysis of the specific environment of the company. company or sector of the geographical area in which the company operates (based on the Porter model) in which we analyze who the potential competitors are, the clients and their negotiating power, the negotiating power of our suppliers, who are the current competitors and / or the threat of substitute products.The analysis of the environment will provide us with current and future information of the external environment that surrounds the company, which allows us to make the most appropriate decisions to maintain and improve the company's competitive advantage. The internal analysis of the company will allow us to identify its strengths and weaknesses, that is, strengths and weaknesses. The strengths to take care of them and support their decisions in these strengths and weaknesses to identify the weak points in order to improve them, in relation to the competition or companies in the sector. Second, Formulation of Strategies. Based on the analysis carried out, it is about deciding how the company will achieve the set objectives, either establishing corporate-type strategies, ie, where will we compete? In what business ?, or competitive type, how are we going to compete? In this phase, we could propose scenarios and think which strategies are the most appropriate to be successful in each one of them (Brinkman, 2014) Opportunities In a highly competitive and variable environment like the current one, it is important to make strategic decisions. A strategy is the tool that makes the difference between professional companies and those with growth ambitions of those that are not. The main objective of this is "to help the company to succeed. We formulate strategies according to the possible scenario that may occur. Thus, in the event that any of the foreseen scenarios occur, the response capacity to adapt to the environment would increase. Third, Implementation of the strategy. It is about putting the designed strategy into action. It includes the decision-making and activities necessary to put it into operation. There are several tools to put it into practice, such as the creation of an Integral Scorecard, which consists of disaggregating the strategy formulated, in objectives that affect all the departments of the company (Campbell and Craig, 2016). The key for a strategy to start up correctly is that the people who are part of the organization understand it since they are the ones who have to put it into practice. Threats Managers and middle managers who establish business strategies, increase the likelihood of success of their companies and the ability to react to changes in an environment increasingly complex and constant change to which company must adapt quickly and dynamically. Being prepared and making sound decisions at the right time can help your company generate the necessary profitability. Is it really useful to prepare future plans in companies? The demographic, technological, social and regulatory changes that the world has undergone in recent years are so far-reaching that they have rendered the elaborated plans obsolete, after having dedicated important economic and human resources to them (Polachek and Tatsiramos, n.d.). This situation prompted many managers to take only tactical decisions that would allow them to survive in a difficult environment without taking strategic reflections and above all avoiding the effort to structure, define and quantify them. Maintaining this policy implies leaving the organization at the mercy of changes in the environment, without priorities or specific objectives and therefore more vulnerable to changes and new competitors. The medium term result is the progressive loss of value of the company, as well as the creation of a corporate culture exempt from accountability, where the environment has a greater responsibility over the results than the employees' own actions. Conclusion Finally, defining an adequate strategy requires having a methodology, functional experts, and incorporating in-depth knowledge of the particularities of each industry, its products, its customers and its regulation. 'A good strategy allows, in short, to guide the entire organization towards a future objective that guarantees its competitive advantage and, ultimately, the creation of value in a changing and uncertain environment (Campbell and Craig, 2016). References Block, Z. and MacMillan, I. (2003).Corporate venturing. Washington D.C.: BeardBooks. Brinkman, J. (2014).Unlocking the business environment. London: Routledge. Campbell, D. and Craig, T. (2016).Organisations and the Business Environment. New York: Routledge. Cherunilam, F. (2010).Elements of Business Environment. New Delhi: Himalaya Pub. House. Deardorff, A. and Stern, R. (2011).Comparative advantage, growth, and the gains from trade and globalization. New Jersey: World Scientific. Hisrich, R. and Kralik, D. (2016).Advanced introduction to corporate venturing. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. Kantola, J., Barath, T., Nazir, S. and Andre, T. (n.d.).Advances in Human Factors, Business Management, Training and Education. Latin America and the Caribbean in the world economy 2014. (2014). Santiago, Chile: United Nations, ECLAC. Meredith, L., Isaac, R., Rebmann, D., Mann, J. and Hughes, M. (2011).Original VW Bus. Bideford, Devon: Bay View Books. Samii, M. and Karush, G. (2004).International business and IT. London: Routledge. Schwartz, M. (2017).Business Ethics. Somerset: John Wiley Sons, Incorporated. Seth, C. (2015).Swot analysis. Namur: 50minutes. Trevin?o, L. and Weaver, G. (2003).Managing ethics in business organizations. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford Business Books. Worthington, I. and Britton, C. (2015).The business environment. Harlow [u.a]: Pearson.

Psychology Paper free essay sample

In this paper I am going to be talking about the philosophy of psychology in the 19th century. I am going to be discussing the roots in early philosophy leading into the 19th century that influenced the development of modern psychology, identify philosophers that historically relate to the beginnings of psychology as a formal discipline, identify major philosophers in the western tradition that were primary contributors to the formation of psychology as a discipline and explore the development of the science of psychology during the 19th century. There were several philosophers that historically relate to the beginnings psychology as a formal discipline. John Locke, George Berkeley, David Hume and John Stuart Mill are just a few to mention. John Locke made a distinction between simple and complex. â€Å"Simple ideas resulted from experiencing basic sensory qualities such as yellow, white, heat and so on, and from making simple reflections such as â€Å"pleasant. We will write a custom essay sample on Psychology Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page † A complex idea includes sever ideas, which can be a combination of simple and other complex ideas. Complex ideas are compounds and can be ultimately reduced to simple ones, much as chemical compounds are composed of simple elements. (Goodwin, 2008). David Hartley, another dualist, believed that although the mind and body operated separately but also parallel to each other. He used association in his theory of memories. He believed the â€Å"strength of association relies on repetition† (Goodwin, 2008). John Stuart Mill, known as the â€Å"key transition figure in the shift from the philosophy of the mind to the science of the mind† (Goodwin, 2008), used a chemical rather than mechanical description in our complex ideas are made from simple ones. He believed that the mind was much more active than passive. Mill’s logic consists of the Method of Agreement, Method of Difference, and Joint Method.

brigadoon essays

brigadoon essays I recently attended the play, Brigadoon by loewe and lerner, at my local college theater. Through all of the plays mystical events and songs, I noticed some very important details. I chose to compare the ideas in the play to some specific ideas held by a group of people in Italy. The mounted their ideas together to form a period in our history called the Renaissance. This was the first thing that came to my mind when I was thinking about my comparison. A play acts as its own time period as it resembles a mere image of real life. A play could relate to almost any person, place, or thing. The first comparison I would like to talk about deals with themes. The Renaissance period is often referred to as the, "rebirth", period. People in Italy changed the way of living by creating an organized and free way of living. I believe that Brigadoons main theme deals with the rebirth of Tommy Albright's life. Tommy Albright is one of the main stars in the play Brigadoon. He is from New York and is on a trip with one of his best friends. He is also engaged at the very beginning of the play but he is in no rush to settle down. Tommy and his friend run into this hidden town called Brigadoon in the middle of Scotland. It is here were Tommy falls in love with a girl named Fiona. However, the laws of Brigadoon forbid Fiona to leave with Tommy and go back to New York. Tension arises and Tommy leaves his loved one in Brigadoon. Once Tommy is back in New York he realizes his mistake and finds his rebirth. He realizes what he wants and who he wants to become. Tommy goes bac k to Brigadoon and stays with Fiona, leaving everything else behind. The comparison seems so close yet far away. In time everything goes through a little change or rebirth. But the renaissance and Tommy's rebirth was different. These changes delt with fate, destiny, and prosperity. The renaissance period has shaped our culture today. I might not even be writ ...

Apple Inc. Health and Safety Measures Research Paper

Apple Inc. Health and Safety Measures - Research Paper Example The company is not free of controversies as it has been criticized for its business practices, labor, practices and its own environmental practices, some of them revealing horrific experiences. Particularly, where touch screens are produced, campaigners reveal horrific injuries that say they suffered due to being exposed to deplorable working conditions in factories which are said to have led to some of the staff committing suicide in the last two years. Protests have been seen in areas such as outside a flagship store in Hong Kong as pictures have allegedly shown injuries suffered under terrible conditions as well in Hezhou, China. Recent complaints and campaign by SATCOM add on the many complaints that have been aired in relation to the ill-treatment of employees in the apple Smartphone producing companies in china. One of the assertions of SATCOM is that the employees are forced to work for long hours; 11 hours a day, seven days a week and with just a 24hour break at the end of th e month. The SATCOM activists assert that the factories making Apple iPads and iPhones in China resulted to asking employees to sign pledges not to commit suicide, (Keize, 2013). This was attributed to 14 workers committing suicide 16months after employment on the basis of poor working conditions and inhumane treatment in the factories.... ent in the factories (Daily Mail Reporter, 2013) In addition, interviews with 170 workers and supervisors in several Foxconn factories in Shenzen and Zhengshou show that punishments are the primary management tools in the factories as SACOM (Students and Scholars against Corporate Misbehavior) says the workers had often been told to clean toilets, sweep lawns and confessions pinned on the notice boards or red out to colleagues, The Foxconn campus dormitories retain their pathetic living conditions with 20-39 workers sharing three bedroom flats; sleeping eight in a room in bunk beds. The workers are also not allowed to use electric items such as kettles or laptops and as well not allowed to sit when working as standing is ascertained as a means to keep them nimble enough to do their work effectively and for long, as reported by The Guardian, (2012). Other complaints in the media concerning the employee and Apple products users’ welfare include a recent story in the newspapers c oncerning an attempt by Apple to replace chargers in UK after iPhone injuries were reported on the use of the chargers. This followed after massive reports of people serious injured from faulty phone chargers; the chargers were said to have exploded on the users’ face as they connected them for charging. For example, the report from china asserts that a woman suffered eye injuries after her iPhone exploded on her face while talking on the phone. This is an indication that Apple has been providing faulty products to consumers and are thus in a hurry to fix the problem by replacing the faulty chargers (Apple Inc. 2013). Another related issue is the resend lawsuit by a woman on Apple on the assertion that her iPhone exploded on her face. This occurred while lying on her bed with the iPhone beside

Tort and Regulatory Risk Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Tort and Regulatory Risk - Essay Example That is, regardless of whether or not they are actually culpable of the violation in question, and regardless in this case whether the plaintiff even has a case. No organization wants to fight to maintain a reputation in the public arena, and as is commonly understood, the resolution of a lawsuit such as the one leveled by Kelly Bates can often take at least a decade to resolve. Torts and Risks are primarily associated with the non-compliance with the 'Clean Water Act' (1972). In Alumina's case, they have had a pretty solid practice of compliance following a problem in the past that they both corrected, and implemented policies and procedures to prevent such an incident re-occurring. Complying with the Clean Water Act can most adequately be understood in a basic legal positivistic framework, that is, one is either complying with the standards established by the Act or they are not. Prevention, Detection & Correction: A preventative approach is one that implements a Quality Assurance procedure of testing with a regularity that can anticipate any corrective measures that need to take place. One of the core strategies that the company in question can take, is to establish a new department that focus' primarily on environmental compliance. A quality assurance team can establish a set of protocols for testing and addressing any problems before they go so far as to negatively impact either the environment or the health of the community. Likewise, prevention is a matter of establishing a set of procedures representing the 'best practices' for that particular emission – are there technologies that can minimize or mitigate the emissions that are at levels that are either harmful or beyond the allowed limit. EPA: The EPA was established by Richard Nixon in 1970 [McMahon, 19] . Currently, it has an operating budget of over $ 10.4 Billion and the current director is Lisa Jackson [http://www.epa.gov ] . This agency of the government is the main or central overseeing body of all environmental regulations in the US.. The division within the agency that is particularly focused on compliance of environmental law and pollution standards is the Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance. It both establishes the regulations and in turn, enforces the compliance along with establishing the protocols and procedures for both – that is both the regulation and enforcement. It is also an agency which provides a significant body of research both on the environment, but also on the legal regulations and public policy pertaining to the environment. Torts & Risks: The main issue regarding tort and risk, is basic non-compliance. Any non-compliance opens up the corporation to litigation or lawsuits because of the basic problem of knowing endangerment. This is a legal issue that falls within the purview of conspiracy charges. Thus, any problems connecting the non-compliance with the regulations overseen and regulated by the EPA are facts that can be used against the organization. In turn, the problems with negligence in legal terms can be quite wide in scope, and of course, any situation of non-compliance lends itself to a lawsuit based on negligence and recklessness in regard to public safety. Prevention, Detection & Correction: As was noted above in relation to the Clean Water Act (1972), an environmental quality assurance

Why being on time is important Essay Example for Free

Why being on time is important Essay Being on time is one of the most basic, yet most important things about what we do, as Marines, and Military Policemen. Most Marines understand this concept and are able to comply willfully and promptly due to the extent they have been taught regarding the importance of being on time and the punishment that can follow a more than tardy arrival. Tardiness in the workplace is a correctable issue and majority of the time is nothing more than a seldom occurrence. Some particular occasions however, become more than just the scarce problem that it should be. When this becomes less than an uncommon problem, people begin to take notice. The most important part of any occupation is reliability. People need to be able to view you as more than a mediocre character that stumbles to work subsequently behind every other co-worker. they need to see you as a person that they can entrust their life to, whether that situation arises or not. They need to regard you as a trustworthy, well put together person; a well put together Marine. The Marines is not a place for play. It is not. It is a place for america’s men and women alike to join together and construct an unstoppable effort for the good of this country and a harsh unforgiving authority for our enemies. When a Marine looks in the mirror, that is exactly what they should gaze upon; A Marine. Arriving late, last minute, or unprepared are not attributes that compose a Marine. Being early, well prepared, and enthusiastic to initiate the day are qualities a Marine should have. Not having these aspects can account for many consequences, and whom is ultimately accountable for ones own behavior? It’s not your command who tells you that you are at fault, it’s you. All Marines being on time, as opposed to a belated appearance, is great for unit moral as well. it helps the unit work together due to the fact that everyone feels like they are putting forth an equal, and combined effort towards their common objective. A unit with 1 or more Marines battling an issue with tardiness is likely to have a lessened performance when being  exposed to that Marine, or Marines. The concept will spread; if that marine can be late every day, so can I. This type of ideology can take a drastic toll on the total effectiveness of the unit and cannot be tolerated. The productivity of any given unit with problem Marines, can and will immensely decrease causing Marines and co-workers alike, to be less encouraged to do their job to the best of their abilities. And instead, master the art of just getting by. This is why remaining on schedule is one of the most important parts of your daily routine. And if you are reading this and feel like everything written here doesn’t really apply to you, then I suppose you dont have much to worry about.

The Politics of Poe :: Essays Papers

The Politics of Poe Edgar Allen Poe is known as the pioneer of the American short story, as well as a brilliant artist in poetry. His works are often tragic, or have a dark theme. Two often overlooked facets of Poe as a writer, however, are the political aspect of his works, and how far ahead he was of his time, with some material being applicable to present day situations, as exemplified by Sonnet to Science, The City in the Sea, and The Masque of the Red Death. The City in the Sea tells of a great city, with â€Å"†¦shrines and palaces and towers†¦ [which] †¦resemble nothing that is ours† (6-8). This may be a representation of metropolises at the time, for instance Philadelphia or New York City, or more likely Baltimore, where he lived at the time the poem was originally published, 1831. The description given of the city, with â€Å"†¦the good and the bad and the worst and the best†(4) and â€Å"Up domesï‚ ¾up spiresï‚ ¾up kingly halls†(17) along with multiple descriptions of a dismal atmosphere and the sea, are reminiscent of present day Manhattan Island, or Seattle. A tale of doom warns of â€Å"Hell, rising from a thousand thrones/ Shall do it reverence.(52-53) for the city. This is how many people today feel about New York City, Los Angeles, and other megalopolises. This could be a warning to the nineteenth century cities. The proverbial calm before the storm is vividly, yet tragically depicted when â€Å"†¦no ripples curl, alas!†(36), â€Å"No swellings tell of winds may be/[†¦] on seas less hideously serene.†(38-40). â€Å"But lo, a stir is in the air!/ The waveï‚ ¾there is a movement there!†(42-43). The storm has hit! The repeated use of exclamation marks in an otherwise relatively â€Å"serenely† punctuated poem gives an even more dramatic effect to the storm, strengthening the idea of peril. Though the â€Å"era of good feelings† was still prevalent during the time when the poem was first written, the civil war was beginning to brew. A division was beginning to form over the issue of slavery. This calm before the storm, and the storm that hits, as well as the built up city depicted, sings a premonition of the civil war. The Sonnet-To Science not only tells of the dangers in Poe’s time, but could easily be applied today.

A Midsummer Night’s Dream: the Confusion of Dreams

Kelly Johnson ENGL 3000-006 Remien March 5, 2010 Paper 1 The Confusion of Dreams You are falling faster and faster through the pale blue sky with no parachute and nothing to grab on to. The shards of rock below seem to get sharper and sharper as a wave of terror and hopelessness takes over. You are just moments away from certain death when all of the sudden you wake up and realize it was all a dream. In William Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream, he uses the power of dreams to construct the possibility of an alternate reality. A Midsummer Night’s Dream has many crude elements, which may have been offensive to many members of the audience, possibly causing the removal of his play. In order to combat this potential problem, Shakespeare adds Puck’s final speech to serve as an apology. Instead of using a simple apology though, Shakespeare attempts to convince the audience members they too were in a dream by linking the audience to the characters of the play, powerful discourse and imagery. All of these elements allow the reader or viewer to feel at ease instead of resentment as the play commences. The final speech of A Midsummer Night’s Dream at first seems out of place. As this play is a comedy, Oberon’s final speech appears to be the perfect ending. However, the last words go to Puck, the fairy responsible for all of the mischief seen throughout the play, as he tries to fill the audience with a sense of peace by playing with the idea of dreams. In concurrence with the title, dreams are a dominant element throughout the play. Instead of the lovers questioning anything that previously happened, they just accept they all had the same dream, which allows them to happily continue with their lives as all peace was restored. This speech offers an extension of the possibility that it was all a dream to the audience. Puck calls on the audience to think, â€Å"That you have but slumbered here/ While these visions did appear† (5. 1. 417-418). Puck and the other fairies were able to mend all of the problems between the lovers and this speech should do just the same for the audience. If everything previously witnessed is only a dream, then there is no need for outrage and â€Å"all is mended† (5. 1. 416). By creating a dream-like environment, the focus turns from the drama that unfolded throughout the play to the mystical and humorous occurrences. This enables the audience to feel sense of closure. In addition to relating the audience to the characters, the use of discourse aids to the dream-like sense. Throughout A Midsummer Night’s Dream, the way language is used plays an important role in the message Shakespeare is portraying and the final speech is no different, with the language used mirroring the language throughout the play. The final lines of the play extend upon the use of binary opposites. Throughout this speech, Puck offers conflicting ideas that cause further confusion for the audience, similar to the way dreams are viewed as perplexing upon waking up. Puck insists â€Å"And, as I am an honest Puck, If we have enearned luck Now to scape the serpent’s tongue, We will make amends ere long; Else the Puck a liar call. † (5. 1. 415-420) The contraction between â€Å"honest† and â€Å"liar† is blatant and it is impossible to be both. Additionally, while this is an apology as Puck attempts to gain the audience’s trust, this speech is filled with dangerous images, such as â€Å"serpent’s tongue;† adding a sense of doubt and unease. This confusion further adds to the dream-like sense Shakespeare is trying to create. In addition to the binary opposites that are used, this speech is spoken in such a way that it has a feeling of a lullaby. After suggesting the fact everything previously witnessed may have been a dream, Puck utters the lines â€Å"And this weak and idle theme, No more yielding but a dream, Gentles, do not reprehend, If you pardon, we will mend. † (5. 1. 419-422) While throughout the play, various other characters spoke lyrically, these lyrically spoken lines sound like something out of a lullaby, as if Puck wants the audience to once again fall asleep and dream as to possibly forget everything that had just transpired. Unlike the supernatural magic that was used on the characters throughout the play, Puck is attempting to use the magic of words to get the audience to do and think as he pleases. Using the words â€Å"weak and idle,† â€Å"yielding† and â€Å"Gentles† make the audience feel at peace and willing to do what Puck is asking of them. In addition to the form used, Shakespeare uses the images of shadows in this complex apology. The use of imagery throughout A Midsummer Night’s Dream, including the final speech, plays a powerful role in the underlying meaning of the play. In the first lines of his short monologue, Puck states â€Å"If we shadows have offended, Think but this, and all is mended- That you have but slumbered here While these visions did appear. † (5. 1. 415-418) Instead of referring to the actors as a people, he calls them â€Å"shadows. † The fairies, whose presence has often been mysterious and murky, throughout the play have directed the course of events that transpired. Therefore, it would make sense to the audience to want to follow what Puck is saying, as in the moment, it is the most natural thing to do. Similar to many of the other aspects of this speech, this proposes that what had just happened was simply the work of each person’s imagination. In this sense, Puck is therefore leaving it up to the audience to decide if what they have just witnessed is good or bad. The â€Å"shadows† simply exist; it is up to the audience to give them meaning that relates to each of their lives, just as the characters in the play did. The final speech of A Midsummer Night’s Dream wants to make the audience feel as though they were dreaming, which is accomplished by linking the audience to the characters, discourse and imagery. Puck’s final monologue of A Midsummer Night’s Dream is more than just a simple apology. Even with the darker images and contradictions of the speech, it provides closure for the audience. Just as the characters in the play were able to think everything happened was simply a dream and continue to go about with their lives, Shakespeare is attempting to instill the same belief in the audience and hoping they enjoy the happy ending. Works Cited Shakespeare, William, and Russ McDonald. A Midsummer Night's Dream. New York, N. Y. : Penguin, 2000. Print.